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A waterline bistatic algorithm, based on the exact near field to far field transformation (NFFFT) and previously exercised on numerical data, is here applied to actual measured data taken at a traditional RCS range reconfigured for near field measurements. The resulting far field predictions for a lOA and 20A conesphere were initially worse than expected. Further examination of the data yielded two important observations. First, the data were found to have relative alignment errors from set to set, leading to a significant broadening of the predicted far field peaks. Second, a few data sets exhibited a constant phase offset inconsistent with the other measured data. This paper discusses the detection of the data misregistration issues highlighted above, along with their ad hoc correction. Predictions are give for the waterline bistatic NFFFT algorithm applied to the measured near field data, both before and after the corrections have been applied. The results are compared with analogous results for numerical input data.
Measurements of antennas with integrated electronics is an upcoming topic. In many cases the antennas can only work in pulsed mode which requires synchronisation between radar and measurement equipment. Up and down mixing by internal LO's causes additional problems, especially with Near Field measurements where amplitude and phase data is required. Based upon hands-on experience, this paper treats some of the problems and pitfalls related to the Near Field measurements of an active antenna and alignment of the elements by means of backtransformation of the data.
Some precautions necessary for accurate RCS measurements using a short model range are discussed. Sources of error in these measurements such as non ideal range geometry, misalignment of the target and inappropriate time domain gating are discussed. A simple technique to estimate possible errors in RCS measurements due to factors such as bistatic angle due to finite separation of source and receive horns and finite length of the measurement range, is presented. The range of RCS values that can be measured within defined error bonds is identified.
A new 1-50 GHz Near-Field measurement system is now in operation at Matra Marconi Space, Portsmouth, UK. The system has the largest vertical planar scanner installed so far. The planar scanner is constructed of steel and has four moving axes: 22 meter horizontal X axis, 8 meter vertical Y axis, 25 cm Z axis for probe alignment and a 540o Roll axis for polarization. Precision bearings are used to ensure straightness over the full length of the X-Y travel. The vertical Y axis is exceptionally fast, 500 mm/sec, to minimize acquisition time. The scanner has extremely high positioning accuracy and planarity - ±0.2 mm over the entire 22m x 8m range – allowing uncorrected operation (without laser) up to 26.5 GHz. To achieve higher accuracy and a higher frequency range an advanced 3-axis (X, Y, Z) laser correction system automatically creates correction tables for use by the transformation routines. The scanner’s exceptional repeatability allows the use of correction tables created off-line, without need for an on-line laser correction system, considerably reducing measurement time. To create these correction tables, the scanner is fitted with laser interferometers for X and Y axes and with a spinning-diode laser to calibrate for planarity. Additional features include a shielded constant-radius cable carrier, giving minimal phase errors due to cable flexing.
RCS data measured under near-field conditions is corrected to the far-field. The algorithm uses the HUYGEN's principle approach. The processing technique is describes and validates using anechoic chamber data and simulations taken on flat plate target at a distance from the radar R << 2D2/A, where D is the target cross range extend and A the wavelength. Good agreement with the theoretically predicted far-field RCS patterns is obtained.
ERIM is currently investigating several near-field to far-field transfonnations (NFFFfs) for predicting the far-field RCS of targets from monostatic near-field measurements. Each of the techniques uses approximate tions and/or supporting information to overcome the need for the bistatic near-field data which is required to rigorously transfonn a target's scattered field from the near zone to the far zone. Our focus has been on spheri cal near-field scanning, since this type of collection geometry is most compatible with existing RCS ranges. One particular NFFFT is based on the reflectivity approximation commonly used in ISAR imaging to model the target scattering. This image-based NFFFT is the most computationally efficient technique under con sideration, because, despite its theoretical underpinnings, it does not explicitly require image fonnation as part of its implementation. This paper presents an efficient discrete implementation of the image-based NFFFT, along with numerically-simulated examples of its perfonnance. The advantages and limitations of the technique will be discussed. A simplified version which applies to high aspect ratio (length-to-height) targets and requires only a single great circle (waterline) data in the near field is also summarized.
Due to inherent cost, safety and logistical advan tages over dynamic measurements, Ground-to-Ground (G2G, aircraft and radar on tarmac) diagnostic radar measurements may be the preferred method of assessing aircraft RCS for signature maintenance. However, some challenging complications can occur when interpreting SAR imagery from these systems. For example, the effect of ground induced multi-path often results in the measurement of a significantly different image based RCS than would have been obtained by a comparable Ground-to-Air (G2A) or Air-to-Air (A2A) system. Although conventional 2-D SAR images are useful in determining the physical source (down-range/cross range) of scatterers, it is difficult at best to deduce whether an image pixel is a result of direct (desired) or ground induced multi-path (undesired) scattering. ERIM and MRC recently completed an experiment testing the utility of collecting and processing interfero metric (2-antenna) SAR radar data. This effort produced not only high resolution SAR imagery, but also a com panion data set, derived from interferometric phase, which helps to isolate the source (direct or multi-path) of all scattering within the SAR image. Additionally, the data set gives a measure of the physical height of direct scatterers on the target. This paper outlines the experiment performed on a RCS enhanced F-4 aircraft using a van mounted radar. Conventional high resolution imagery (down-range/ cross-range/intensity) will be shown along with down range/height/intensity and cross-range/height/intensity images. The paper will also describe the processing pro cedure and present analysis on the interferometric results. The unique motion compensation processing technique combining prominent point and motion mea surement instrumentation data, eliminates the need for a tightly controlled collection path (e.g. bulky rail sys tems). This allows data to be collected with the van driven somewhat arbitrarily around the target with side mounted antennas taking measurements at desired aspects.
From prototyping to consulting, the McClellan Near-Field Team has worked on the installation of four near-field( NF) facilities. Currently this group operates and maintains two planar near-field test systems. This paper will discuss considerations McClellan used in building or specifying near-field facilities of increasing complexity. NF software will be examined for functional growth and graphical improvement. RF system improvements, over four systems, will be examined for frequency range, dynamic range and cable loss. The evolution of the antenna under-test (AUT) stand will be examined for weight, and precision factors. Changes in alignment procedures will also be discussed. Additionally, the NF construction issues of anechoic material and safety features will be examined for improvement. Finally, changes will be discussed in the NF operation and maintenance procedures over the four McClellan ranges.
Several approaches are known for the identification of noncooperative air-borne targets with radar. Assuming that the tar get can be tracked during a certain flight path, observations from different aspect angles will be obtained. High-resolution radar (HRR) systems use these observations to create one-dimensional range profiles. With Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) the data from all observed aspect angles are combined to obtain two-dimensional images. In recent years, techniques for resolution enhancement have been developed for both techniques. The choice for one of the two approaches should depend on the applicability of the target representation for identification. ISAR is the most suitable for reproduction on a display and identification by human observers. In case of identification by a machine, for example an algorithm on a computer, the choice is not straight forward. In this paper an overview of the influence of several errors on the performance of HRR and ISAR will be given. The error sources that will be evaluated are: • uncertainty of the absolute distance of the target; • errors in the mutual alignment of observations; • additive noise. The errors are generated numerically and applied to data from simulations and low-noise measurements. The influence of the bandwidth and angular span on the quality of the target reconstruction will be regarded as well as the performance of some high-resolution techniques. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the applicability of ISAR and HRR.
Far-field patterns obtained from planar near-field measurements of a prototype of the AMSU-B radiometer antenna by phase retrieval at 94 GHz are presented in this paper. Comparison with results from a compact range facility show good agreement within the main beam A modified algorithm takes into account any misalignments of the two intensity data sets so that the RMS near-field error metric comparing retrieved and measured values converges to < -30 dB. Phase retrieval is revealing itself as a useful technique to be applied to electrically large antennas at frequencies extending into the millimetre and sub millimetre bands.
Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG (Dasa) in Munich, Germany designed, developed, build and tested most of the INTELSAT VIII antennas. RF test requirements and results are presented for the Hemi/Zone antennas. These tests cover the Beam Forming Networks (BFN), the feed array in the cylindrical near field facility at ambient temperature and in a temperature range from -61 to +85 deg centigrade, and finally the complete antenna sub system, without and with satellite mock-up, in the large Compensated Compact Range. Dasa and TICRA software was used to calculate the far field results from the measured BFN coefficients and from the feed array results measured in the near field facility. Also alignment aspects are considered.
Accurate mechanical-to-electrical axis alignment (boresighting), gain, and pattern testing of radar antennae requires specialized tooling/fixturing. This requirement is often taken for granted and seldom discussed in the EE community. Particularly in a production environment, where rapid change of test configurations to accommodate multiple radar platforms are required, a convenient mounting scheme is mandatory. This paper describes and illustrates a method implemented at the Warner Robins Air Logistics Center to satisfy this demand. Drawings and/or photos of a three-point Universal Adapter fixture and several UUT Specific radar mounting fixtures are discussed. The paper discusses tolerances, materials, manufacturing processes, alignment, and antenna boresight methodologies.
This paper presents the various aspects involved in the design, development and establishment of Cylindrical Near-Field Measurement(cnfm) facility. A brief description of the hardware and the method of data acquisition are outlined. The capabilities of the CNFM system are brought into focus. The effects of alignment errors are presented. The patterns of various test antennas are presented over different frequency bands.
The design, alignment and characterization of a compact range facility at the University of California at Los Angeles is summarized. The range is intended to operate from X-Band to 60 GHz, and to accommodate test items up to 3 feet in diameter. The compact range reflector is a circular aperture offset paraboloid which is devoid of edge treatment. Reduction of reflector edge diffraction effects is achieved using an array feed for narrowband test applications, or a horn feed for broadband test requirements. The array feed requires only one relative amplitude excitation coefficient and no phase shifters, so that a simple and cost-effective implementation using a radial transmission line beam-forming network is possible The array pattern displays a deep null at the reflector rim for diffraction reduction, and a flat-topped beam which results in minimum quiet zone field amplitude taper and high reflector aperture efficiently. Structures for support and alignment of the range reflector and feed are discussed, and alignment procedures are summarized. Range performance at X-Band using an array feed is determined using transverse and longitudinal pattern comparison methods.
A novel bi-polar near-field range has been constructed at UCLA recently. The purpose of this article is the evaluation of the bi-polar measurement of a large reflector antenna using simulation methodologies. Bi-polar measurement of such an antenna is simulated and a parametric error study is reported. The study shows that a bi-polar near-field range for measuring large reflector antennas can be designed to provide accurate measurements with reasonable hardware requirements. The measured on-axis gain is found to be highly tolerant to probe position errors which occur in the plane of the measurement. The z-positional error has a greater effect on the gain, however, this error can be minimized with careful alignment of the bi-polar axes.
One of the world's most sophisticated antenna test ranges is now fully operational. This was designed by the Deutsche Aerospace (DASA) and is operated by Siemens Plessey Systems (SPS). The presented paper will describe the pioneering design philosophy adopted to ensure the stringent performance features. Although this facility is located outside, it allows extremely high precision probing of cylindrical near field of large and very complex antenna systems, with turning diameters up to 16 meters and up to 20 GHz. Besides the RCS optimized 36 m large scanner tower the significant highlights of this facility consist of a comprehensive air-conditioning system for all accuracy dependent components, a permanent autoalignment system, which ensures high precision cylindrical measurements and an interleaved high speed data collection system, which delivers a maximum of data performance within a minimum time frame. Test results including a pattern comparison of the Ref erence Antenna between measurements in DASA facilities and the SPS Cylindrical Near-Field Test Facility show good range performance. The evaluation of the range performance data demonstrates the measurement integrity of the facility and proves to be qualified to characterize a wide range of antennas.
Techniques for editing RFI from antenna measurements are developed for vector network analyzer instrumentation, and include the processing within the analyzer. An algorithm was devised for identifying data that may contain RFI; this algorithm is based on the electrical size of the antenna. Once data containing RFI are identified, extrapolation techniques based on the electrical size of the antenna are used to produce continuous data.
The field present in the test zone of an antenna measurement range can be calculated from the range field measured on a spherical surface containing the test zone. Calculated test zone fields are accurate only within a spherical volume concentric to the measurement surface. This paper presents a technique for determining the probing radius necessary to create a volume of accuracy containing the test zone of the range. The volume of accuracy radium limit is caused by the spherical mode filtering property of the displaced probe. This property is demonstrated in the paper using measured field data for probes of differing displacement radii. This property is used to determine the volume of accuracy radium from the probing radius. This is demonstrated using measured far-field range data.
A technique for multipaction analysis based on finite element modeling of the electromagnetic fields within a device is demonstrated. A multipaction device is modeled with HFSS to determine the field solution for use in multipaction analysis. The resultant field magnitudes within the critical gap region were compared with the measured breakdown events for 4 different gap sizes of the device. The relationship between the scattering coefficient convergence and field solution convergence is examined, and some indicators of the latter are established. The correlation between the data and the predictions indicates that the technique represents s reasonable analytical tool for such analysis.
Phaseless measurements are going to represent a viable and less expensive alternative to standard near field techniques since they allow to reduce to a very large extent the complexity of an indoor set-up. In fact, they require "scalar" receivers, probe positioning systems with less strict mechanical requirements, and present no cabling problem. Furthermore the anechoic environment extension can be reduced and low dynamic range receivers used as "truncated" data can be managed. In this paper we outline the main advantages of an approach to the solution of the problem of the far field reconstruction from phaseless near field measurements. Conditions to reliably process the collected data can be put forward so circumventing the main difficulties of most solution algorithms for non linear inverse problems. Experimental results are also included for the planar geometry.