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In 2001, the Boeing 9-77 Indoor Compact Range successfully passed the range certification process. In preparation and during the On-Site Review in October 2001, RCS data on a pair of ultraspheres for the dualcalibration were collected. In this paper, we analyzed the data with regard to uncertainty analysis. An empirical approach for compensating the systematic error is presented.
WINDSAT is a satellite system designed to be a demonstration of passive microwave polarimetry to measure ocean surface wind speed and direction. The polarimeter works off the crosspol components of the antenna, necessitating high performance requirements both in the building and testing of the antenna. The calibration of the reflector antenna system will be discussed in this paper, along with various analysis done for the project and verified by range measurement.
Tapered chambers have long been used for far-field antenna and RCS measurements. Conventional taper chambers used commercial antennas such as horns or log-period dipoles as wave launchers. One problem of this approach is the movement of the phase center associated with the antenna design. The positioning of the antenna inside the chamber is also critical. Undesired target-zone amplitude and phase distortion are caused by the scattering from the absorber walls. A novel feed antenna design for a tapered chamber is proposed here to provide broadband and dual polarization capabilities. This design integrates the absorber and the conducting walls behind the absorbers into to ensure a stationary phase center over a wider frequency range. In such a design, the dielectric constant of the absorber is utilized to maintain a clean phase front and a single incident wave at high frequencies. The conductivity of the absorber is also utilized to shape the field distribution at low frequencies. As a result, a wider frequency range can achievable for a given chamber size. One trade-off of this design is its reduced efficiency could be associated with the absorber absorption. Some simulation results from a 3-D FDTD model of a prototype design will be presented.
An error detection technique was developed for culling large masses of measured antenna pattern data by first removing information that is likely to be associated with the antenna. Since the maximum spatial frequency of radiation from the antenna can be determined by its electrical size, any energy outside that spatial band is not considered to be valid and may be used to flag suspicious data. This analysis can be accomplished rapidly and can be used to cull patterns containing such anomalies as spikes, notches, non-closures and multipath effects. This paper describes the method with examples from simulated and measured patterns.
New automobile antennas must be developed to satisfy the growing requirements of the automobile industry. The uses of GPS band antennas for vehicle applications are growing very rapidly in the modern telecommunication area. In automobile antenna design, there exists geometrical constraints and several requirements for antenna specifications, for example, a Right-Hand Circular Polaization (RHCP) for a GPS antenna. In this paper, a new antenna for the automobile applications is designed using a Genetic Algorithm. It is well known that the GA can be used efficiently in the designing of various antennas. The GA searches the solution space of the possible antenna geometries satisfying the design goals. The design goals are RHCP with low cross polarization, a low SWR, and an omni-directional gain pattern in the upper-half plane. These design goals will be included in the cost function. The GA produces a set of new optimal antenna geometries. A series of experimental tests of the new antennas is presented, and the results are compared with the theoretical prediction. The ESP 5, a theoretical Method of Moment (MoM) general-purpose code developed at the Ohio State University, is used for an analysis tool.
Requirements for pattern measurement of antennas with low directivity continue to increase. The wireless communications industry is a significant driving force behind this change, but other fields such as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) have an emerging need of low directivity antennas that work well to microwave frequency ranges. Traditional microwave techniques used for highly directional antennas are not suitable for testing more broad-beamed or omnidirectional antennas. Spherical pattern measurement systems using dielectric support materials with low permittivity are required to obtain acceptable results. This paper will review several different spherical pattern measurement techniques proffered by the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association (CTIA) for testing cellular handsets. It will present a benefit analysis of each method and provide useful information for both the novice and experienced antenna user. It can be shown that with appropriate care, several different techniques can generate the same resulting data, but each method has its own unique benefits and drawbacks. Spherical surface plots of measured data will be provided to illustrate some of the pitfalls related to this type of pattern measurement, and results from a certified test site will be presented.
Sensor Concepts, Inc. has developed the SCI-Xe Portable Microwave Imaging System prototype for use in the assessment of the low observable (LO) characteristics of fielded military platforms in their native environments. The SCI-Xe is a single man deployable suitcase-size system that employs a small linear rail in order to acquire Linear Synthetic Aperture Radar (LSAR) data in the 8-18 GHz frequency range. Data collections are performed via a single button push and the data is stored on a removable harddrive for comparison to an existing database for analysis. Recent deployment of the SCI-Xe prototype has provided excellent feedback on the viability of performing repeatable field measurements using alignment techniques that do not significantly affect the overall system size and weight. The SCI-Xe employs a video camera and uses video image algorithms such as edge detection, thresholding, and overlay masks to provide a simple coarse alignment to a stored baseline position. Once positioned, a single LSAR collection is performed to provide the radar data necessary for analysis, which includes a robust image registration algorithm to first, perform a quantitative assessment of the positioning accuracy and second, align the data for further image filtering and statistical processing.
The accurate measurement of static Radar Cross Section (RCS) requires precise calibration. Conventional RCS calibration objects like plates and cylinders are subject to errors associated with their angular alignment. Although cylinders work well under controlled alignment conditions, and have very low targetsupport interaction, these devices may not always suitable for routine outdoor ground-plane RCS measurements. We seek a design which captures the low interaction mechanisms of a cylinder, yet can be easily aligned in the field due to its excellent angular insensitivity. In a sense, this target has the best characteristics of both the cylinder and the sphere. This paper will describe the design of a "hypergeoid", a new calibration device based on a unique body of revolution. Calculations and measurements of some elementary hypergeoids are presented.
A Wideband Optically Multiplexed Beamformer Architecture (WOMBAt) was developed and characterized at the Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center Active Array Measurement Test Bed (AAMTB) facility. The project included development and integration of the WOMBAt photonic beamformer with the Active Array Measurement Test Vehicle (AAMTV). The AAMTV is a 64-channel transmit-receive (TR) module based phased array beamformer that is integrated with the AAMTB facility 12’x9’ planar near-field scanner. The AAMTV provided phase trimming and a small amount of electrical delay while the WOMBAt provided longer optical delays using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components typically manufactured for the telecommunication industry. By integrating the WOMBAt with the AAMTV, a highly flexible test environment was achieved that included system calibration, multi-frequency scanning, and antenna pattern analysis. This paper presents antenna pattern results showing less than 0.7 dB of amplitude variation over the frequency range from 9 to 10 GHz at each of the measured nominal steering angles. The beamformer was steered to greater than ±69 degrees with an observed beam squint from 9 to 10 GHz of less than 1 degree.
Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna descriptors have been used to design an optimal Log Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA) antenna for the Army Research Laboratory’s (ARL) BoomSAR. Although dispersive in nature, the LPDA design offers improvements over existing antennas with broader beamwidth, higher efficiency, and improved off-boresight polarization performance. In the UWB/A SAR application, it is important that the antenna polarimetric spectral response remains coherent and uniform over the aspect angles used in the image formation process. This paper describes the process by which these goals were achieved and presents measured results from the BoomSAR of trihedrals and cylinders that validate the approach.
A calibration uncertainty analysis was conducted for the Air Force Research Laboratory’s (AFRL) Advanced Compact Range (ACR) in 2000 [1]. This analysis was a key component of the Radar Cross Section (RCS) ISO-25 (ANSI-Z- 540) Range Certification Demonstration Project. The scope of the RCS uncertainty analysis for the demonstration project was limited to calibration targets. Since that time we have initiated a detailed RCS uncertainty analysis for a more typical target measured in the ACR. A “more typical” target is one that is much larger with respect to wavelength than the calibration targets and characterized by a wide dynamic range of RCS scattering levels. We choose a 10’ ogive as the target due to the fact it is a large target, exhibits a wide dynamic range of scattering, and the scattering levels can be predicted using readily available CEM codes. We will present the methodology for the uncertainty analysis and detailed analyses of selected component uncertainties. The aspects of the uncertainty analysis that are unique to the “typical target” (i.e., a non calibration target) will be emphasized.
We at MI Technologies have employed the Hansen error analysis [1] developed at the Technical University of Denmark (TUD), as a starting point for new system layouts. Here I expand it in two ways: the approach to mechanical errors, and the approach to system design. I offer an alternative approach to the analysis of mechanical uncertainties. This alternative approach is based upon an earlier treatment of spherical coordinate positioning analysis for far-field ranges [2]. The result is an appropriate extension of the TUD uncertainty analysis. Also, the TUD error analysis restricts its attention to three categories of errors: mechanical inaccuracies and receiver inaccuracies and truncation effects. An error analysis for a spherical measurement system should desirably contain entries equivalent to the 18-term NIST table for planar near-field [5]. In this paper, I offer such an extended tabulation for spherical measurements.
In previous AMTA presentations, we developed and evaluated an image-based near field-to-far field transformation (IB NFFFT) algorithm for monostatic RCS measurements. We showed that the algorithm’s far field RCS pattern prediction performance was quite good for a variety of frequencies, near field measurement distances, and target geometries. In this paper, we quantify the statistical RCS prediction performance of the IB NFFFT using simulated data from a generalized point scatterer model and method of moments (MoM) code, both of which allow modeling of targets with single and multiple interactions. It is shown that the predicted RCS statistics remain quite accurate under conditions where the predicted far field patterns have significantly degraded due to multiple interactions and other effects.
This paper reviews the Helendale Measurement Facility (HMF) ground plane range uncertainty analysis and associated data collection. Range uncertainty analysis is a requirement for ISO-25/ANSI-Z-540 range certification and is a priority one section in the Helendale Range Book. Targets used for the analysis were two sets of right circular “squat” calibration cylinders. These cylinders are the dual calibration cylinders for HMF. Calibration measurement uncertainties are established statistically from a large number of repeated measurements at S, C, X, and Ku bands. Each measurement was taken at two target support locations down range. The field data collected included monostatic scattering from two calibration cylinders, backgrounds with no target and support, and drift data for quality control. I and Q imbalance, frequency stability, range accuracy, linearity, and field uniformity at target locations were considered in the analysis. The uncertainty analysis is based on RSS addition of errors and assumes all errors are additive and that targets are not LO. The statistical approach used to perform the uncertainty analysis reported in this paper was developed cooperatively at AFRL and Mission Research Corporation.
A usual way of performing pattern-measurements on circularly polarized antennas is by measuring the linear components of the field and mathematically converting those to the left-hand and right-hand circular components. These synthesized circular components are sensitive for a number of factors: The exact orthogonality of the measured linear components, the measurement-accuracy of both phase and amplitude of the measured linear components, the polarization-pureness (or the accuracy of the description of the polarization-characteristics) of the probe, etc. This paper analyzes these factors, using a computer-model. An indication on the requirements to be imposed on the measurement-equipment is provided.
In order to better estimate the uncertainties in measured RCS for the Boeing 9-77 Compact Range, we study the responses from three high-quality objects, i.e., two ultraspheres of 14” and 8” in dia., plus the 4.5" squat-cylinder, each supported by strings. When calibrated against each other in pairs, the differences between measured RCS and predicted values are taken as the uncertainties for either object. Two standard-deviations from the target, reference, and background, as computed from repetitive sweeps, are taken as the respective uncertainties for the signals. Using the root-sum-squares (RSS) method, the error bars are found to be between + 0.1 to 0.2 dB for most of the frequency F, from 2 to 17.5 GHz. We also analyze the responses from a thin steel wire (dia. 0.020"), supported by fine fishing strings (dia. 0.012"), at broadside to the radar. When the ‘wire and string’ assembly is oriented vertically, the HH echo from the 3-ft metal wire alone happens to be comparable to the HH from the 30-ft dielectric strings. Varying with F4, the combined RCS in HH for the assembly spans a wide range of 38 dB from 2 to 18 GHz. The error bounds are found to bracket the measured traces even when the signals are barely above the noise floor.
The growing need for a mobile radar system able to conduct measurements away from fixed radar ranges has prompted System Planning Corporation (SPC) to develop a mobile MkV radar system. Planned helicopter-based SAR measurements generated a requirement for a ground-based platform to verify functionality of X-band and VHF/UHF data collection and processing systems. Accordingly, SPC developed TruckSAR, a DGPS-equipped mobile testbed to collect side-looking and normal-incidence SAR data. Interleaved step chirp data were collected at 9.0-9.3 GHz (HH polarization) and 150-450 MHz (HH, VV, HV, and VH polarization). The system is self-contained and is proving useful for applications beyond ground and foliage penetration SAR investigations. This paper describes the TruckSAR hardware and data analysis systems. Results of measurements are presented, along with observations of challenges in data interpretation. Promising extensions of this mobile ground-based radar are also discussed.
A versatile instrumentation system for automatically measuring both antennas and performing the Air sensitivity & Channel Power test. The system is capable of being easily reconfigured to perform standard FF antenna measurements using a model tower configuration which includes a dielectric mast with a rotary “head” mounted on an azimuth turntable or automated air sensitivity and channel power measurements for both GSM and CDMA mobile cellular devices. The air sensitivity test module iterates until the desired user defined frame error rate is reached at the preset scan positions and than records the data. The system also contains analysis capabilities for all modes of measurement. The paper will summarize the system configuration and the features of this integrated test system.
The system noise temperature is a fundamental parameter of performance of a satellite communications reception antenna. Traditional methods of measuring noise temperature involved the use of thermal noise standards connected to the antenna input. Indirect methods can also be used to derive noise temperature from a G/T measurement. However these traditional methods require special setups and cannot be used continuously. A noise temperature measurement system, which can be used continuously, even when tracking and receiving telemetry signals, is a valuable tool for performance monitoring. A noise adding radiometer method, which was originally design for radio astronomy applications, has been adapted for communications antenna measurement [5] and this can be used continuously. However, this method has some limitations in the degree to which telemetry signals interfere with the measurement system. A study has been undertaken under European Space Agency (ESA) contract, into the design of a noise temperature measurement system, which involves the evaluation of the bit error rate of a test signal. Changes in noise temperature result in change of bit error rate of the test signal. The test signal is spread spectrum modulated so interference between the test signal and operational signals are minimised. The study was executed in two phases. In the first phase a theoretical analysis of the test method was performed. In the second phase a prototype measurement system was developed and evaluated. The paper describes the main results of the theoretical analysis, description of the prototype system and analysis of the test results. The prototype was designed to measure the noise temperature of a standard ESTRACK S/X band ground station antenna. As a follow-on to the original study work is now in progress to produce a fully operational unit which will be installed in the ESA Perth S/X band ground station. The results of evaluation of the prototype have been used to introduce design improvements for the operational unit, which are described and discussed.
Conventional planar microwave absorbing materials may be divided into two main types: those that employ one or more thin resistive sheets separated by dielectric spacers, such as the Salisbury screen, and those comprised of one or more lossy layers such as the Dallenbach absorber. Both types operate by absorbing incident electromagnetic energy and converting it into heat. However, an alternative approach based on the concept of phase modulation has recently been proposed [1-3], in which electromagnetic energy scattered from an object is phase modulated to produce a reflected field with a low time-averaged energy spectral density. This new type of ‘absorber’, called the phase-switched screen (PSS), consists of one or more active layers whose impedance properties are controlled electronically. Previously published work in the area has concentrated on the scattering properties of PSS at normal incidence, and has shown that single layer screens exhibit similar characteristics to those of a Salisbury screen. More interestingly however, multi-layer PSS can be configured to provide an active scatterer with dynamic reflectivity null tuning properties [4]. In this contribution we extend the analysis to consider the characteristics of PSS at oblique incidence and present results to compare the performance of active PSS to those of conventional passive designs.